iPSCs ameliorate hypoxia-induced autophagy and atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via the AMPK/ULK1 pathway

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked lethal genetic disorder for which there is no effective treatment. Previous studies have shown that stem cell transplantation into mdx mice can promote muscle regeneration and improve muscle function, however, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. DMD suffers varying degrees of hypoxic damage during disease progression. This study aimed to investigate whether induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have protective effects against hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle injury. RESULTS: In this study, we co-cultured iPSCs with C2C12 myoblasts using a Transwell nested system and placed them in a DG250 anaerobic workstation for oxygen deprivation for 24 h. We found that iPSCs reduced the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species and downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of BAX/BCL2 and LC3II/ LC3I in hypoxia-induced C2C12 myoblasts. Meanwhile, iPSCs decreased the mRNA and protein levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 and increased myotube width. Furthermore, iPSCs downregulated the phosphorylation of AMPKA and ULK1 in C2C12 myotubes exposed to hypoxic damage. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that iPSCs enhanced the resistance of C2C12 myoblasts to hypoxia and inhibited apoptosis and autophagy in the presence of oxidative stress. Further, iPSCs improved hypoxia-induced autophagy and atrophy of C2C12 myotubes through the AMPK/ULK1 pathway. This study may provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of muscular dystrophy in stem cells.

Scientific physical exercise in maintaining health / Exercício físico científico na manutenção da saúde / Ejercicio físico científico para mantener la salud

ABSTRACT Introduction According to the 2015 National Physical Health Monitoring Report, most of the national physical health indicators have begun to rebound, but some people's physical health is still declining. Object The thesis studies the problems existing in people's physical exercise and guides the development of these people's habits. Methods Our mathematical statistics and other research methods investigate the current situation of people's physical exercise habits, and explore the factors that restrict habits from the factors that affect the formation of sports and fitness concepts. Result The proportion of people developing physical exercise habits is low. People invest less time and energy in physical exercise. Conclusion The less time and energy that people invest in physical exercise is the main reason that affects their belief in exercise and fitness and physical exercise habits. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução De acordo com o Relatório Nacional de Monitoramento de Saúde Física de 2015, a maioria dos indicadores nacionais de saúde física começou a se recuperar, mas a saúde física de algumas pessoas ainda está em declínio. Objetivo a tese estuda os problemas existentes no exercício físico das pessoas e orienta o desenvolvimento dos hábitos dessas pessoas. Métodos Nossas estatísticas matemáticas e outros métodos de pesquisa investigam a situação atual dos hábitos de exercício físico das pessoas e exploram os fatores que restringem os hábitos e os fatores que afetam a formação de conceitos de esportes e preparação física. Resultado a proporção de pessoas que desenvolvem hábitos de exercícios físicos é baixa. As pessoas investem menos tempo e energia em exercícios físicos. Conclusão O pouco tempo e energia que as pessoas investem na prática de exercícios físicos é o principal motivo que afeta sua crença na prática de exercícios e hábitos de exercício físico. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción De acuerdo con el Informe Nacional de Monitoreo de la Salud Física de 2015, la mayoría de los indicadores nacionales de salud física han comenzado a recuperarse, pero la salud física de algunas personas todavía está en declive. Objetivo la tesis estudia los problemas existentes en el ejercicio físico de las personas y orienta el desarrollo de los hábitos de estas personas. Métodos Nuestras estadísticas matemáticas y otros métodos de investigación investigan la situación actual de los hábitos de ejercicio físico de las personas y exploran los factores que restringen los hábitos y los factores que afectan la formación de conceptos deportivos y la preparación física. Resultado la proporción de personas que desarrollan hábitos de ejercicio físico es baja. La gente invierte menos tiempo y energía en el ejercicio físico. Conclusión El poco tiempo y energía que las personas invierten en la práctica de ejercicio físico es el principal motivo que incide en su creencia en la práctica de ejercicio y hábitos de ejercicio físico. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.